NHX3NX2NONOX2(红棕)HNOX3NHX3NOHNOX3 \ce{ NH3<=>N2<=>NO<=>NO2(红棕)<=>HNO3\\ NH3 -> NO <-HNO3 }

类比 S\ce{S},注意不可一步变成 NO\ce{NO}

NX2+OX2=2NO{2NO+OX2=2NOX23NOX2+HX2O=2HNOX3+NO{4NO+3OX2+HX2O=4HNOX34NOX2+OX2+2HX2O=4HNOX3 \ce{N2 + O2 = 2NO}\\ \left\{ \begin{aligned} \ce{2NO + O2 &= 2NO2}\\ \ce{3NO2 + H2O &= 2HNO3 + NO}\\ \end{aligned} \right. \rightarrow \left\{ \begin{aligned} \ce{4NO + 3O2 + H2O &= 4HNO3}\\ \ce{4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O &= 4HNO3}\\ \end{aligned} \right.

NHX3,HCl,HNOX3\ce{NH3,HCl,HNO3} 易挥发,空中反应,形成白烟

MgX3NX2\ce{Mg3N2} 灰绿,M=100M=100,双水解

注意 NX2+3HX22NHX3\ce{N2 + 3H2<=>2NH3} 转化率低,不会倒吸

尾气处理只要 NOX2 >NO\ce{NO2 >NO} 皆可除净(所以不行就通空气(OX2\ce{O2}))

2NOX2+2NaOHNaNOX3+NaNOX2+HX2O \ce{2NO2 + 2NaOH->NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O}
NOX2+NO+2NaOH2NaNOX2+HX2O \ce{NO2 + NO + 2NaOH->2NaNO2 + H2O}

氢键形式 HX3NHOH\ce{H3N\bond{...}H\bond{1}O\bond{1}H}

  • 氧化性 2Na+2NHX3=2NaNHX2+HX2\ce{2Na + 2NH3 = 2NaNH2 + H2}

  • 强还原

    4NHX3+5OX2ΔPt4NO+6HX2O \ce{4NH3 + 5O2->[Pt][\Delta]4NO + 6H2O}\\
    NHX3+3OX2()点燃2NX2+6HX2O \ce{NH3 + 3O2(纯)->[点燃]2N2 + 6H2O}\\
    {2NHX3+3ClX2=NX2+6HCl8NHX3+3ClX2=NX2+6NHX4ClNHX3+3ClX2=NClX3+3HCl \left\{ \begin{aligned} \ce{2NH3 + 3Cl2&=N2 + 6HCl}\\ \ce{8NH3 + 3Cl2&=N2 + 6NH4Cl}\\ \ce{NH3 + 3Cl2&=NCl3 + 3HCl}\\ \end{aligned} \right.
  • 制取,平衡左移(OHX\ce{OH-}),放热

    CaO(s)+NHX3HX2O(l)Ca(OH)X2+NHX3 \ce{CaO(s) + NH3.H2O(l)->Ca(OH)2 + NH3 ^}\\
    NHX3HX2O(l)NaOH(s)NHX3+HX2O \ce{NH3.H2O(l)->[NaOH(s)]NH3 ^ + H2O}\\
    Ca(OH)X2+2NHX4Cl2NHX3+CaClX2 \ce{Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl -> 2NH3 ^ + CaCl2}\\

控制流速(气泡数),控制反应气比例(掌握仪器)

氨盐

  • 白色固体
  • 离子晶体
  • 加热皆可分解
    • NHX3\ce{NH3 ^}
    • NHX4NOX3ΔNX2O+2HX2O\ce{NH4NO3 ->[\Delta]N2O + 2 H2O}
    • NHX4NOX2ΔNX2+2HX2O\ce{NH4NO2 ->[\Delta]N2 + 2H2O}

硝酸

  • 不稳定

    4HNOX3X/Δ4NOX2+OX2+2HX2O \ce{4HNO3_{浓} ->[光/\Delta] 4NO2 ^ + O2 ^ + 2H2O}
  • 酸性

    • 金属 不生成 HX2\ce{H2}
    • CuO,CaCOX3\ce{CuO, CaCO3} 就像普通酸
    • 紫色石蕊,先变红,后褪色
  • 强氧化

    • HNOX3X>HNOX3X>HX2SOX4X\ce{HNO3_{浓} > HNO3_{稀} > H2SO4_{浓}}

    • 金属

      • Pt,Au\ce{Pt, Au} 不反应

        • 和王水(HNOX3:HCl=1:3\ce{HNO3:HCl} = 1:3)反应
      • Fe,Cu\ce{Fe, Cu} 常温钝化

      • Cu\ce{Cu}

        Cu+4HNOX3XCu(NOX3)X2+2NOX2+4HX2O(会稀释) \ce{Cu + 4HNO3_{浓} -> Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 ^ + 4H2O}(会稀释)
        3Cu+8HX++2NOX3X3CuX2++2NO+4HX2O \ce{3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3- -> 3Cu^{2+} + 2NO ^ + 4H2O}
      • 非金属

        C+HNOX3X(Δ)4NOX2+COX2+2HX2O \ce{C + HNO3_{浓}->[(\Delta)] 4NO2 ^ + CO2 ^ + 2H2O}
        SX2,SOX3X2>IX>FeX2+>BrX >(ClX不会反应) \ce{S^{2-},SO3^{2-} > I- > Fe^{2+}>Br- >(Cl- 不会反应)}
  • 工业制取 (2233)

    1. NO\ce{NO} 生成 (转化器)

      4NHX3+5OX2ΔPt4NO+6HX2O \ce{4NH3 + 5O2 ->[Pt][\Delta] 4NO + 6H2O}
    2. HNOX3\ce{HNO3} 生成 (吸收塔)

      {2NO+OX2=2NOX23NOX2+HX2O=2HNOX3+NO4NO+3OX2+2HX2O=4HNOX3 \left\{ \begin{aligned} \ce{2NO + O2 &= 2NO2}\\ \ce{3NO2 + H2O &= 2HNO3 + NO}\\ \end{aligned} \right. \rightarrow \ce{4NO + 3O2 + 2H2O = 4HNO3}\\
作者

Gesrua

发布于

2019-07-09

更新于

2020-11-21

许可协议